Differences of Hydrocarbon Enrichment between the Upper and the Lower Structural Layers in the Tazhong Paleouplift

<正>The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers,bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock.The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number,type and reserves,but the mechanism was rarely researched before.Therefore,an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift.After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift,it is concluded that the evolution hi late Caledonian,late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers.It is also defined that in the upper structural layer,structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by oil reservoirs,while for the lower structural layer,lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by gas reservoirs,and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers,the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained.The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer,which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former.The differences in the carrier system types,trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution.An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift.For the upper structural layer,the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift,while for the lower structural layer,the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top,the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin,the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.     

Geochemistry of source rocks in the Es<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Es<Subscript>4</Subscript> members in the Shahejie Formation of the Western Depression,Liaohe Oilfield,China

The Western Depression of the Liaohe Basin is the major exploration area of the Liaohe Oilfield, and its main source rocks consist of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation (Es3 and Es4). These source rocks are widely distributed in the depression, with semi-deep lake and fan delta as the main sedimentary facies, brown oil shale and black gray-dark gray mudstone as the main rocks, and a total thickness of 270-1450 m. The kerogens are mainly of the types I and IIA, and partly of the type IIB and least of the type III. The Ro values range from 0.4%-0.8%, indicating an evolution stage from immature to mature. The maturity of Es4 source rocks is rela-tively high, reaching the early mature stage, but their distribution and thickness are lower than those of Es3. Besides, according to biomarker analysis, it is thought that the source rocks of Es3 and Es4 are characterized by mixed input, and most of the source rocks were formed in the brackish water-saline and strongly oxygen-free environment. Fur-thermore, the Qingshui, Niuxintuo and Chenjia sags are believed to possess greater potential for hydrocarbon gen-eration and expulsion, for they are source rocks with a larger thickness, have higher organic carbon contents, belong to better organic matter types and possess higher maturities.     

第四系泥岩型生物气储层特征及动态成藏过程

第四系泥岩型生物气作为非常规油气领域一种新型的资源类型,具有巨大的资源潜力和勘探开发价值。以柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系泥岩型生物气为例,通过岩心观察、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、高压压汞、族组分分析等实验手段,分析了第四系泥岩型生物气储层特征及动态成藏过程。结果表明,第四系泥岩型生物气储层具有砂泥薄互层频繁交互、纵横向非均质性极强的特点。成岩作用处于早期阶段,R_o小于0.3%,岩石固结程度低,含贝类壳体没有石化,孔隙度普遍在20%以上,仍以微纳米孔隙为主,含极少量毫米孔隙。泥岩储层TOC极低,平均0.2%~0.4%,干酪根以Ⅲ型为主,主要成分是粗纤维,其次是半纤维素、有机氮,是第四系泥岩生气的主要母质来源。第四系泥岩型生物气为甲烷为主的干气,平均含量98.85%,地层水水型以CaCl₂型为主,酸碱度中等偏弱酸性。泥岩突破压力是甲烷滞留成藏的主要动力,低渗、富水和黏土的特征决定了泥岩具备自封闭能力。极低的气候温度、极高的水体盐度、充足的气源条件、有效的自封闭性是泥岩型生物气成藏的关键要素,以此建立了凹陷区自封闭富集带、斜坡区水封富集带、构造高点泥岩气-砂岩气叠合富集带等三种泥岩型生物气成藏模式。     

Redox zonation for different groundwater flow paths during bank filtration: a case study at Liao River,Shenyang, northeastern China

The spatial and temporal distribution of redox zones in an aquifer is important when designing groundwater supply systems. Redox zonation can have direct or indirect control of the biological and chemical reactions and mobility of pollutants. In this study, redox conditions are characterized by interpreting the hydrogeological conditions and water chemistry in groundwater during bank infiltration at a site in Shenyang, northeast China. The relevant redox processes and zonal differences in a shallow flow path and deeper flow path at the field scale were revealed by monitoring the redox parameters and chemistry of groundwater near the Liao River. The results show obvious horizontal and vertical components of redox zones during bank filtration. Variations in the horizontal extent of the redox zone were controlled by the different permeabilities of the riverbed sediments and aquifer with depth. Horizontally, the redox zone was situated within 17 m of the riverbank for the shallow flow path and within 200 m for the deep flow path. The vertical extent of the redox zone was affected by precipitation and seasonal river floods and extended to 10 m below the surface. During bank filtration, iron and manganese oxides or hydroxides were reductively dissolved, and arsenic that was adsorbed onto the medium surface or coprecipitated is released into the groundwater. This leads to increased arsenic content in groundwater, which poses a serious threat to water supply security.     

四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气不同传输类型的临界孔径与传输能力

页岩气的扩散和渗流是页岩气富集过程中非常重要的地质作用,在地层条件下页岩气以扩散和渗流形式在微—纳米孔隙网络中进行传输。本文以四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,基于克努森数与气体吸附机理,明确了页岩气扩散和渗流的主要类型;进一步结合气体微观分子动力学模拟,明确了剖面上不同页岩气扩散和渗流类型的临界条件;基于达西公式与菲克公式基本物理定义,建立了扩散系数与渗透率的关系,结合焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩不同孔径下孔隙体积权重,查明了页岩全孔径视测渗透率的分布特征。研究表明,页岩气在地下主要存在三种扩散与两种渗流形式,包括吸附气表面扩散、克努森扩散、菲克扩散、滑脱渗流和达西渗流,现今焦石坝地区5种扩散和渗流类型临界孔径依次为1.2 nm、1.6 nm、25.0 nm、225.0 nm,不同扩散和渗流形式对应的孔隙体积占比依次为15.3%、5.6%、60.7%、6.4%、12.0%;宏孔主要提供了气体渗流空间、微孔与中孔主要提供了气体扩散空间,渗流传输能力约为扩散传输能力的10⁶倍。     

中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式

保存条件是控制页岩气富集和高产的关键因素,我国四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气已实现了商业化开发,但受到保存条件的影响,页岩气富集差异性明显,对勘探开发目标优选提出了挑战。因此,深化中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式研究对扩大页岩气勘探开发成效、提高页岩气产量具有重要意义。本文以四川盆地及周缘地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,应用盆地模拟、流体包裹体分析、覆压孔隙度和渗透率实验、页岩三轴岩石力学测试等技术方法,取得了3方面认识：(1)揭示了页岩气构造保存机理,构造演化控制了页岩微裂缝开启、游离气富集和地层超压发育,差异构造演化过程及强度控制了页岩气赋存状态及含气量,构造抬升开始晚、强度小对页岩气保存有利;(2)阐明了页岩气顶底板封闭机理为岩性和物性封闭,岩性致密、页岩厚度、微观孔隙结构是顶底板封闭的关键控制因素,页岩气自封闭机理为毛管力和分子间作用力封闭,受控于孔隙连通性和甲烷吸附作用;(3)基于埋深和构造变形强度,建立了海相页岩气正向构造高部位和负向构造低部位保存模式。正向构造页岩气保存受控于裂缝发育程度,埋深大于页岩破裂深度、背斜两翼夹角大于120°有利于页岩气保存,负向构造页岩气保...     

Whole-Aperture Pore Structure Characterization and Its Effect on Gas Content of the Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Jiaoshiba Area, Sichuan Basin

<正>In recent years,the pore structure of shale is studied through many qualitative and quantitative techniques.Quantitative methods mainly include the low temperature gas adsorption(N_2 and CO_2),the high-pressure mercury injection,the small angle X-ray scattering,and the nano CT,etc.The content and adsorption ability of adsorption gas are mainly obtained by CH_4 isothermal adsorption     

Reservoir characteristics and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A great difference exists between the hydrocarbon charging characteristics of different Tertiary lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression of the Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Based on wireline log data, core observation and thin-section analyses, this study presents detailed reservoir property data and their controlling effects from several case studies and discusses the geological factors that govern the hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite reservoirs. The lacustrine fluxoturbidite bodies investigated are typically distributed in an area of 0.5–10 km², with a thickness of 5–20 m. The sandstones of the Tertiary turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression have been strongly altered diagenetically by mechanical compaction, cementation and mineral dissolution. The effect of compaction caused the porosity to decrease drastically with the burial depths, especially during the early diagenesis when the porosity was reduced by over 15%. The effect of cementation and mineral dissolution during the late-stage diagenesis is dominated by carbonate cementation in sandstones. High carbonate cement content is usually associated with low porosity and permeability. Carbonate dissolution (secondary porosity zone) and primary calcite dissolution is believed to be related to thermal maturation of organic matter and clay mineral reactions in the surrounding shales and mudstone. Two stages of carbonate cementation were identified: the precipitation from pore-water during sedimentation and secondary precipitation in sandstones from the organic acid-dissolved carbonate minerals from source rocks. Petrophysical properties have controlled hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite sandstones: high porosity and permeability sandstones have high oil saturation and are excellent producing reservoirs. It is also noticed that interstitial matter content affects the oil-bearing property to some degree. There are three essential elements for high oil-bearing turbidite reservoirs: excellent pore types, low carbonate cement (<5%) and good petrophysical properties with average porosity >15% and average permeability >10 mD.     

载脂蛋白ApoD:系统发生、基因结构与表达调控

载脂蛋白D(ApoD)属于脂蛋白家族,目前对ApoD的研究集中在基因表达、组织分布和具体功能上,而对其包括调控区在内的基因组结构分析相对较少,而该部分内容对进一步了解和阐明ApoD蛋白功能有重要意义.本文从生物信息学角度对分属于原生动物、无脊椎动物、头索动物和脊椎动物类群的10种动物ApoD的基因结构及调控区的调控元件的分析及比较,发现:(1) ApoD基因结构从原生动物草履虫到原口动物再到后口动物海胆的进化过程中不保守,但在分析的几种脊椎动物中相当保守;(2) 文昌鱼ApoD基因扮演从无脊椎动物到脊椎动物承上启下的角色,代表脊椎动物ApoD基因原型;(3) 调控区大多数调控元件为不同动物共有,说明ApoD功能及其表达调控在进化中的保守性;(4) ApoD基因个别调控元件是随着物种进化而出现并开始发挥相关作用,如SF-1;还有个别的调控元件在进化过程中还没有发现其规律,这可能说明ApoD的某些功能因物种不同存在一定差异.     

社会主义市场经济条件下的城市测绘档案资料管理

文章论述了城市测绘档案的市场属性 ,探讨了社会主义市场经济条件下城市测绘档案工作的重点以及城市测绘档案管理现代化的方向。